Generating Requirements Txt File For Only Project Requirements

Basic usage For the basic usage introduction we will be installing pendulum, a datetime library.Libraries This chapter will tell you how to make your library installable through Poetry. Versioning While Poetry does not enforce any convention regarding package versioning, it strongly recommends to follow semantic versioning. This has many advantages for the end users and allows them to set appropriate version constraints. So, when you add dependencies to your project, Poetry will assume they are available on PyPI.

This represents most cases and will likely be enough for most users. Name The name of the package.Contributing to Poetry First off, thanks for taking the time to contribute! The following is a set of guidelines for contributing to Poetry on GitHub.FAQ Why is the dependency resolution process slow? This is due to the fact that not all libraries on PyPI have properly declared their metadata and, as such, they are not available via the PyPI JSON API.. This enables targeted and on-demand management of dependency libraries in virtual environments.

And quite honestly, the above example was using the assumption you've created a virtual environment beforehand, and are executing these commands within it. If you've not created a virtual environment, you'll get a lot more unrelated or ambiguous dependencies listed if have any top-level packages installed for your python version. We use Python on multiple projects and as per our requirements, we install multiple modules. But, I found it difficult to create a requirements.txt file for specific projects manually. So I searched for a tool/technique to generate a requirement.txt file. I come across the pipreqs package, which generates a requirement.txt file based on the import statements of the project.

I like it because it is helpful in maintaining the requirements file, easy to use and saves me a lot of time. Always use the pip freeze command to generate a list of Python modules and packages installed in the virtual environment of your project. Across the board, dependency management seems like a fairly manual process.

Sometimes when you're deep into working on an application, you don't really think of the dependencies you'll need before-hand, and end up installing some on the fly. This becomes a problem when you want to write your requirements.txt file and can't actually remember the package name that you ended up using. Or on the converse, you ended up installing a number of packages, but don't actually use a majority of them. You don't want those extra packages installed and lying around because if you were to build a docker image of your application, those extra dependencies would increase the build time of that image. Not to mention that packages that share the same dependencies but have different version requirements, got handled in special ways under-the-hood by pip.

To ensure that your requirements file only contains packages that are actually used by your application, use a virtual environment that only has those packages installed. Outside of a virtual environment, the output of pip freeze will include all pip packages installed on your development machine, including those that came with your operating system. Python scanning supports binary packaged archives (.whl/tar.gz) and coordinates in the requirements.txt manifests from the Python Package Index . For the best results, we recommend first creating a Python virtual environment and resolving the dependencies using a pip install against the requirements file. This will bring only the dependencies needed by the project into the build while resolving any included dependency ranges in the requirements file.

You can enable two kinds of caching with this plugin which are currently both ENABLED by default. First, a download cache that will cache downloads that pip needs to compile the packages. And second, a what we call "static caching" which caches output of pip after compiling everything for your requirements file. Since generally requirements.txt files rarely change, you will often see large amounts of speed improvements when enabling the static cache feature.

These caches will be shared between all your projects if no custom cacheLocation is specified . Python requirements files are a great way to keep track of the Python modules. It is a simple text file that saves a list of the modules and packages required by your project.

By creating a Python requirements.txt file, you save yourself the hassle of having to track down and install all of the required modules manually. It overrides the pip scripts so that each pip install or pip uninstall updates the requirements.txt file of your project automatically with required versions of packages. The overriding is made safely, so that after uninstalling this package the pip will behave ordinary. These commands create the files Pipfile and Pipfile.lock. Place Pipfile in the top-level directory of your source bundle to get latest versions of dependency packages installed on your environment instances. Alternatively, include Pipfile.lock to get a constant set of package versions reflecting your development environment at the time of the file's creation.

In such cases, developers add a requirements.txt file to a project containing a list of all the dependencies installed in the virtual environment and the details of the version being used. This way, the borrower or the end-user only has to create a virtual environment and install the dependencies to use the application. We use dependency management tools to create a list of modules that our application requires.

In Python the standard convention for tracking dependencies is to list them in a requirements.txt file stored in the root project directory. Txt files to make it easier for other developers to install the correct versions of the required Python libraries (or "packages") to run the Python code we've written. Pip-compile (part of pip-tools) lets you write more minimal requirements.in files, and auto-generates strict version requirements.txt files based on them.

As a bonus you get to see where your nested dependencies are coming from. Together, we have now created two sample projects and a virtual environment for each project. In each virtual environment we installed one or two Python packages. We can view the packages that we have installed in our virtual environment using the commandpip freezewhile the environment is active. Use the pip install -r requirements.txt command to install all of the Python modules and packages listed in your requirements.txt file. Save the Python requirements.txt file in the project source code repository so that other developers can easily install all of the Python modules and packages when they clone or check out your project.

In this article, we will learn how to create Python requirements files along with the best practices and the benefits of using them. It's often used together with virtual environments in Python projects, but that is outside the scope of this article. A constraint file is an additional requirements file which won't be used to determine which packages to install, but will be used to lock down versions for any packages that do get installed. Typically the requirements.txt file is located in the root directory of your project. See if you can get it to run inside a virtual environment.

You may need to take a look through their code to see what packages you need to install. Once you have successfully run the application, create arequirements.txtfile so that someone else can work on the project if needed. You might be wrapping the pip-compile command in another script.

To avoid confusing consumers of your custom script you can override the update command generated at the top of requirements files by setting theCUSTOM_COMPILE_COMMAND environment variable. Today, we will provide an alternative way to get the requirement.txt file by including only the library that we have used, in other words, only the libraries that we have imported. We will provide two approaches, the first one is when we work with .py files and the second one when we work with Jupyter notebooks. Keep your Python requirements.txt files up to date and accurate.

This ensures your project always uses the latest versions of the Python modules and packages. If you don't install every requirement file in development, your constraint file will be missing those files' requirements. A code review would catch accidentally removing a constraint, but how do you detect a package that is entirely missing from the constraint file? Still, constraint files (or any of the third-party tools, really) are nice ways of improving and simplifying dependency managment with pip. Use a virtual environment, pip, and setuptools to package applications with their dependencies for smooth installation on other computers. Pip-tools is a package that allows us to separate direct dependencies from their sub-dependencies.

Pip-tools generates a dependency graph and uses this information to create a bespokerequirements.txt file for our project. Now, if you only have one Python project on your computer, this may be fine as-is. But, what if you start cloning or creating several projects all with their own requirements.txt files? You can quickly end up with package versions that are not compatible with each other.

An optional path to a virtualenv directory to install into. It cannot be specified together with the 'executable' parameter (added in 2.1). If the virtualenv does not exist, it will be created before installing packages. The optional virtualenv_site_packages, virtualenv_command, and virtualenv_python options affect the creation of the virtualenv.

Your task is to create a virtual environment, install the required packages listed in therequirements.txtfile and run the application. In your development environment, you can use the pip freeze command to generate your requirements file. When you work on projects, using environments of many installed libraries that are not used in that particular project, it is better to share the requirements.txt of the used libraries only. A good application of pipreqs is when you work with Jupyter Notebooks on AWS SageMaker or with Colab and you just want to know what version of libraries you have used. So, once the virtual environment is created for our project, let us see how to install the packages and libraries. It is very easy to get all the required packages we need to use in our project with the virtual environment.

In Python requirement.txt file is a type of file that usually stores information about all the libraries, modules, and packages in itself that are used while developing a particular project. It also stores all files and packages on which that project is dependent or requires to run. Typically this file "requirement.txt" is stored in the root directory of your projects. Here another essential question arises why we need this type of file in our projects. Now, this should automatically create a standard requirements file with all of the packages installed alongside their corresponding versions. Now you can execute the command at the top and now you have a requirements file which contains only the modules you installed in the virtual environment.

However, if you want to generate a minimal requirements.txt that only lists the dependencies you need, then use the pipreqs package. Especially helpful if you have numerous requirements.txt files in per component level in the project and not a single file on the solution wide level. Pip freeze outputs the package and its version installed in the current environment in the form of a configuration file that can be used with pip install -r. You can set up your project to exist within its own environment and packages only installed within that environment.

Each project will have its own environment and its own packages installed within it. Now, from my understanding when someone tries to replicate the environment with pip install -r requirements.txt, this will automatically install the dependencies of installed packages. In you Continuous Integration system have a task that would install your dependencies without the constraints.txt file.

Just withpip install -r requirements.txt and then run your tests. If this fails check what is the source of the problem and report it or fix it. We can simply remove the package from the requirements.txt file. The fact that it and its dependencies are listed in the constraints.txt file does not matter. The only problem is that now we might have some lines in the constraints.txt file that are not relevant any more and that might impact a later installation.

If you do the regular maintenance as described below then this will be cleaned up the next time you do it. The command above will list all of the installed packages, and output them to the requirements.txt file. This is one of the benefits of using virtual environments. When you are using a virtual environment, you only see the packages that you have installed in that environment. This helps prevent version conflicts between different projects. It also makes it easier to keep track of your packages.

Pip-tools contains a set of tools for managing project dependencies ：pip-compile with pip-sync， you can use commands "pip install pip-tools" unified installation. Its biggest advantage is the precise control of the project's dependencies 。 Now that you know how to work with requirements files we will move on to deleting virtual environments. This is an alternative, more explicit, way of writing arequirements.txtfile. Just like pip is the standard package manager for Python, setup.py is the heart and center of Python projects installed with pip.

Simply put, setup.py is a build script template distributed with Python's setuptools package. Pipreqs uses imports of projects to generate a requirements.txt file. So, it is very important to note that, pipreqs will not include the plugins required for specific projects. You need to add plugins information manually in a requirement.txt.

If you have different environments that you need to install different but compatible packages for, then you can create layered requirements files and use one layer to constrain the other. Pip-compile generates a requirements.txt file using the latest versions that fulfil the dependencies of setup.py or requirements.in. When developing Python applications, we have to use a bunch of modules for a variety of features. The number of modules being used by an application can be a lot. Most of the time, I use pipreqs to generate a requirements.txt file so anyone can reproduce the working environment on their side based on that requirements file.

We can run pip install -r requirements.txt to have pip automatically install all dependencies listed in the requirements.txt file. You will see an output similar to what we saw in the previous section. This is a complete list of every package installed on your computer, along with the version numbers. You can copy and paste this output into a requirements.txt file, and you now have all of these packages documented. If your Python application contains a setup.py file but excludes a requirements.txt file, python setup.py develop will be used to install your package and resolve your dependencies. To pin all dependencies, your project's requirements should be compiled to a complete list of explicitly specified package versions.

This list should then be committed in the project repository, and not be changed until you need to update dependencies. I actually don't know; this dependencies list came from code that my team inherited, so I truly have no idea which packages from this list are top-level dependencies or not. What I can surmise from this is that whoever created the file likely did a pip freeze in order to do so. It may require admin rights, because your pip scripts might require root access rights.

After that command your pip scripts are ready and you can install your dependencies in straightforward way and keep your requirements.txt file updated. This command creates a requirements.txt file that lists all packages that are installed on your machine, regardless of where they were installed from. Txt file is a type of file that usually stores information about all the libraries, modules, and packages in itself that are used while developing a particular project. Setup.py on the other hand is more like an installation script. If you don't plan on installing the python code, typically you would only need requirements. You just need to provide the root location of your project and the pipreqs automatically generate a requirements.txt file in root folder.

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Price To Upgrade Windows 11 Home To Pro

If your existing Windows 10 PC is running Windows 10 20H1 or later and meets the minimum hardware specificationsit will be able to upgrade to Windows 11. The upgrade rollout plan is still being finalized, but for most devices already in use today, we expect it to be ready sometime in early 2022. Not all Windows 10 PCs that are eligible to upgrade will be offered to upgrade at the same time.

To see if your PC is eligible to upgrade, refer to our knowledge base for a list of tested systems. Once the upgrade rollout has started, you can check if it is ready for your device by going to Settings/Windows Updates. Similar to how end users are notified when updates are available in Windows 10, end users will see an indication in the notification areas of the taskbar in the bottom right, that the upgrade is available. More information on how that is presented will be available at a later date. Additional desktop notification options may be also be added at a later date. Warren noted that he rarely used the Widgets panel or Microsoft Teams, citing that he preferred the weather display that later versions of Windows 10 offered, and didn't use Teams to communicate with his friends and family.

He also acknowledged the expansion of Microsoft Store to include more "traditional" desktop applications. Overall, he concluded that "I wouldn't rush out to upgrade to Windows 11, but I also wouldn't avoid it. After all, Windows 11 still feels familiar and underneath all the UI changes, it's the same Windows we've had for decades." Cunningham concluded that "as I've dug into and learned its ins and outs for this review, I've warmed to it more", but argued that the OS was facing similar "public perception" issues to Windows Vista and Windows 8.

The official, release version of Windows 11 is now available as a free upgrade to anyone who has Windows 10 and a PC that meets Microsoft's minimum hardware requirements. However, the Redmond software giant isn't pushing the upgrade to every eligible system at once. Some users will be offered the option to upgrade in their Settings menu on or around the October 5th official launch date while others may be waiting until 2022. A redesigned user interface is present frequently throughout the operating system, building upon Fluent Design System; translucency, shadows, a new color palette, and rounded geometry are prevalent throughout the UI.

A prevalent aspect of the design is an appearance known as "Mica", described as an "opaque, dynamic material that incorporates theme and desktop wallpaper to paint the background of long-lived windows such as apps and settings". In October 2019, Microsoft announced "Windows 10X", a future edition of Windows 10 designed exclusively for dual-touchscreen devices such as the then-upcoming Surface Neo. Legacy Windows applications would also be required to run in "containers" to ensure performance and power optimization. Microsoft stated that it planned to release Windows 10X devices by the end of 2020. Internet Explorer has been replaced by the Chromium-based Microsoft Edge as the default web browser, and Microsoft Teams is integrated into the Windows shell. Microsoft also announced plans to allow more flexibility in software that can be distributed via Microsoft Store, and to support Android apps on Windows 11 .

Anyone with one of the newer chips should have no trouble installing Windows 11 via Windows Update. Microsoft made a downloadable ISO disk image file for the beta Insider version available for installing Windows 11, allowing in-place upgrades or clean installations on a PC or in a virtual machine. A similar installation option is now available for the release version of Windows 11 via the Microsoft's Download Windows 11 page.

Some sources have reported that installing the OS with the ISO installer bypasses the system's hardware requirements, but that's not advisable as you may not get future OS updates if you install it on unsupported hardware. Original equipment manufacturers can still ship computers without a TPM 2.0 coprocessor upon Microsoft's approval. Some third-party software may refuse to run on unsupported configurations of Windows 11. Perhaps the most important thing to know about the release of Windows 11 is that we should expect it to change significantly over the next few years. I've been using beta versions of Windows 11 for a month in the lead-up to writing this review, and it seems like every few days there's a minor new feature or redesigned app to check out.

Price Of Windows 11 Home We may not see that feature fully realized in Windows until next year. You can use the PC Health Check app to determine if your device is eligible to upgrade to New Windows. Many PCs that are less than four years old will be able to upgrade to New Windows. They must be running the most current version of Windows 10 and meet the minimum hardware requirements.

Minor complaints aside, we like to see Microsoft giving its marquee software some attention. For the last few years, the company has focused more on its Azure cloud computing services—justifiably given that business's profitability. Windows 11 brings slick new looks, useful new tools, updated default apps, extra capabilities, and performance advances. Perhaps that's enough to lure away some Chrome OS users or Mac users. Regardless, it's still early days for the desktop OS that's used on 1.3 billion PCs, so we look forward to Microsoft fine-tuning and perfecting Windows 11's design in future updates.

Windows 11, unfortunately, ditches a couple of its best tablet- and touch-friendly features. Most importantly, you can no longer swipe in from the left to open the task-switching view, a gesture I use all the time on my Surface Go tablet. You can no longer swipe down from the top to close an app, either. This omission is less of a big deal because you can still hit the X in the window's upper right corner as you'd do in desktop mode.

Again, though, for a handheld device, the down-swipe is more direct and requires less dexterity. There are, however, new three-finger swipe gestures to show the Task View and to minimize and app on the desktop. A sideways three-finger swipe switches you between running apps.

And you can, of course, use the Task View button in the Taskbar, but that's not as immediate as a swipe of the thumb. I'd argue that switching tasks is more important to tablet users than accessing Widgets, the new result of that gesture, too. If the Microsoft Surface family of products isn't your style though, other brands like Dell, Asus and HP have all released pages online that specify what devices are Windows 11 ready.

Note that many won't come with the new operating system installed, but as they all meet the minimum system requirements, you can simply buy the laptop or 2-in-1 as normal and then update it yourself. At least 16GB of RAM The basic system requirements of Windows 11 differ significantly from Windows 10. Windows 11 only supports 64-bit systems such as those using an x86-64 or ARM64 processor; IA-32 processors are no longer supported. Thus, Windows 11 is the first ever consumer version of Windows not to support 32-bit processors and 16-bit software .

The minimum RAM and storage requirements were also increased; Windows 11 now requires at least 4GB of RAM and 64GB of storage. The compatibility list includes the Intel Core i7-7820HQ, a seventh-generation processor used by the Surface Studio 2, although only on devices that shipped with DCH-based drivers. Windows 11 SE was announced on November 9, 2021, as an edition exclusively for low-end devices sold in the education market, and a successor to Windows 10 S. It is bundled with applications such as Microsoft Office for Microsoft 365, Minecraft Education Edition, and Flipgrid, while OneDrive is used to save files by default.

Windows 11 SE does not include Microsoft Store; third-party software is provisioned or installed by administrators. As part of the minimum system requirements, Windows 11 only runs on devices with a Trusted Platform Module 2.0 security coprocessor. According to Microsoft, the TPM 2.0 coprocessor is a "critical building block" for protection against firmware and hardware attacks.

In addition, Microsoft now requires devices with Windows 11 to include virtualization-based security , hypervisor-protected code integrity , and Secure Boot built-in and enabled by default. The operating system also features hardware-enforced stack protection for supported Intel and AMD processors for protection against zero-day exploits. The taskbar's buttons are center-aligned by default, and it is permanently pinned to the bottom edge of the screen; it cannot be moved to the top, left, or right edges of the screen as in previous versions of Windows. The "Widgets" button on the taskbar displays a panel with Microsoft Start, a news aggregator with personalized stories and content (expanding upon the "news and interests" panel introduced in later builds of Windows 10). Microsoft Teams is similarly integrated with the taskbar, with a pop-up showing a list of recent conversations. File Explorer is a good example of Windows 11's new look, particularly its updated left panel controls and folder icons.

Note the simplified ribbon along the top, which is far less busy and distracting than the previous File Explorer's. The New button at the top left works for new folders or documents supported by your apps, and the same viewing options for files are available. The overflow menu offers file compression, selection, and Properties options, as well as the old Folder Options dialog. The right-click context menus, which have grown longer and longer over the years, get shorter, smarter, and clearer in Windows 11. You can refer to our knowledge base for a list of tested systems to determine if your device eligible to upgrade to Windows -11.

Many PCs that are less than four years old will be able to upgrade to Windows 11. They must be running 20H1 or later version of Windows 10 and meet the minimum hardware requirements to receive the Windows 11 upgrade. It's not imperative that you upgrade your system to Windows in the next couple of weeks, or even months. According to Microsoft's own lifecycle website, Windows 10 Home, Pro and Enterprise editions will continue to be supported by Microsoft until October 2025; your device will get essential security updates for another four years.

For many people, that's about the time to upgrade to a newer device, one that will come with Windows 11 already installed. Most Windows 10 PCs currently being sold will be able to upgrade to New Windows. For the PC to be able to upgrade to New Windows, it must meet the minimum hardware specifications and specific hardware is required for some features found here. The upgrade rollout plan is still being finalised but is scheduled to begin late in 2021 and continue into 2022. Even the newly-released AutoHDR feature is available on both Windows 11 Home and Pro editions.

So it's safe to say that neither of the editions will disappoint you in terms of gaming performance. That said, Windows 11 Pro offers you a larger ceiling for hardware expansion. It supports up to 2 CPU sockets, 128 cores, and up to 2TB of RAM, whereas Windows 11 Home supports 1 CPU socket, 64 cores, and up to 128GB of RAM. Simply put, Windows 11 Home is more than enough for most users, even for hardcore gamers.

Task View, a feature introduced in Windows 10, features a refreshed design, and supports giving separate wallpapers to each virtual desktop. When a display is disconnected in a multi-monitor configuration, the windows that were previously on that display will be minimized rather than automatically moved to the main display. If the same display is reconnected, the windows are restored to their prior location. In January 2021, it was reported that a job listing referring to a "sweeping visual rejuvenation of Windows" had been posted by Microsoft.

A visual refresh for Windows, developed under the codename "Sun Valley", was reportedly set to re-design the system's user interface. For example, Windows 11 has new Contrast themes, redesigned closed caption themes, and AI-powered Windows Voice Typing. The new OS also adds APIs for programming assistive apps, and even the Windows Subsystem for Linux now has accessibility options. Microsoft's contentious minimum hardware requirements for Windows 11 are a more disruptive change. As a result, while Windows 11 is a free upgrade for Windows 10 users, it may not be available to all of them. Your device must be running Windows 10, version 2004 or later, in order to upgrade.

Windows Widgets are back in Windows 11, accessible via the dock, with Microsoft touting AI-powered dynamic features that enable widgets, as with the Start menu, to change depending on the apps you're using and the time of day. On the touchscreen, you can slide from the left on the desktop to have widgets appear. If the product key is recognized, you'll see a message letting you know you're upgrading your version of Windows. Before you start, ensure you've saved your work and any important files and close any open apps.

For those users who still use Windows 8.1 or Windows 7, Windows 11 will also likely be a free upgrade. Windows 10 users will be able to directly upgrade to Windows 11. Windows 8.1 and Windows 7 users may need to first upgrade to Windows 10 and then to Windows 11 – or else they need to clean install or reimage to go directly to Windows 11 – provided your PC meets the minimum requirements. Any major operating system upgrade comes with an element of risk, and while I've not seen reports of any serious Windows 11 upgrade flaws yet, there's always the chance it will snag on your particular system. If you've got a stable Windows 10 installation and none of the new features are desperately appealing, why take the risk? Windows 10 will be supported with security updates until late 2025, so there's no rush to move.

By the time 2025 rolls round, you'll likely be eyeing up a new PC anyway. Hover your mouse pointer over the maximize window icon and you get a choice to snap the window to the left or right of the screen, or a variety of different configurations. These screen configurations are available in Windows 10, but they are now much easier to find and makes working with multiple windows much easier. Windows 11 brings a refreshed user interface, better performance and security, and a variety of new features. Based on my initial experience using a review version of Windows 11 for the past two days, it's a solid upgrade with some nice benefits, but not a drop-everything-and-get-this update for Windows 10 users. According to Windows, the users can only upgrade from Windows 10 Home to Windows 10 Pro and activate their device using a valid product key or a digital license for Windows 10 Pro.

After getting the Microsoft 10 pro upgrade key, the users will need to select the Start button and open up Settings. Then they need to open the Update & Security window and search for Activation there. They can type out their key here and the process will start immediately. Apart from this here is also a video taken from Youtube that can help out the users with the same. Microsoft unveiled its upcoming operating system last week and things started to get confusing right from the get-go. The company released a program, the PC Health Check tool, that reveals if a device is compatible with Windows 11.

Many devices that users tested were not compatible because if stricter processor and TPM requirements. For tablet users, Snap Assist will now intelligently snap apps above and below when using a device in portrait mode, a behavior that was missing in prior versions of Windows. Microsoft has also updated the switching orientation animation so that it's much more fluid, and also remembers where your apps were positioned when switching between landscape and portrait mode. But only Windows 10 PCs that are running the most current version of Windows 10 and meet the minimum hardware specifications will be able to upgrade. You can check to see if you have the latest updates for Windows 10 in Settings/Windows Update. Windows 11 has been released officially and is slowly rolling out to eligible users across the world.

Some ineligible users have also upgraded the hardware to make their older PCs compatible with Windows 11's new system requirements. However, one important dilemma that many users are facing is which edition to upgrade to – Windows 11 Home or Windows 11 Pro? To make things easier for you, we have come up with this in-depth comparison between Windows 11 Home and Pro.

In this article, we list the similarities and differences between the two editions in great detail. So without wasting any time, let's go ahead and find out the winner between Windows 11 Home vs Windows 11 Pro. Windows 11 is available in two main editions; the Home edition, which is intended for consumer users, and the Pro edition, which contains additional networking and security features , as well as the ability to join a domain. Windows 11 Home may be restricted by default to verified software obtained from Microsoft Store ("S Mode").

Windows 11 Home requires an internet connection and a Microsoft account in order to complete first-time setup. Windows 11, the first major Windows release since 2015, builds upon its predecessor by revamping the user interface to follow Microsoft's new Fluent Design guidelines. The redesign, which focuses on ease of use and flexibility, comes alongside new productivity and social features and updates to security and accessibility, addressing some of the deficiencies of Windows 10.